What is Reverse Outlining?
Reverse Outlining is a method that helps writers edit, reorganize, and streamline their writing. Reverse outlining involves using outlining techniques after you have already written text. Using a reverse outline, you (the writer) place yourself in the reader’s position and look at the flow of what you have. Reverse outlining is a tool that can be used at varying stages of the writing process, from a sentence to a dissertation. You may even be using elements of this technique already!
Reverse Outlining requires you to be in the position of the reader, not just the writer.
Why use Reverse Outlining?
It can help you determine:
- If a given section is actually saying what you thought you were saying
- If your points are clear and presented in the correct order
- Whether the argument supports your thesis
- Whether important ideas are buried within a paragraph
- The direction that you should go with your draft
- The gaps in your argument
- Your paper is actually arguing for a different thesis, or is making a different argument than you originally intended
- You might even prefer your new argument/thesis! …Or not.
- Either way, your reverse-outline can help you rework the paper accordingly
A Simple Strategy for Reverse Outlining:
- Number the paragraphs
- Identify the topic/purpose of each paragraph
- Put these topics into an outline
- Analyze this outline
- Create a revised outline
- Reorganize the text according to the revised outline
- Check for cohesion
This can also be done on a sentence level within each paragraph
Essay Level
- In the margins, take brief, pithy notes about what each paragraph/section is doing, in a sentence or two.
- If you can’t get a paragraph’s/section’s claim down to 1-2 short sentences, the paragraph/section might need focusing
- Once you have pithy claims for each section/paragraph, you might notice that the paragraphs want to be rearranged to better make your point
- Pay special attention to how each section advances the paper’s argument.
- Ask:
- What is the section actually saying?
- What do you want the section to say?
- Ask:
- Use just the first and last sentence of each paragraph to look at overall flow and cohesion. Can you trace the argument?
Paragraph Level
- Use the actual individual sentences and set them up in an outline
- Ask: Does each sentence support the topic sentence of the paragraph?
- Put aside any that do not and place them elsewhere in the draft
- Often, when we first write a draft, we write through our thoughts and end up putting the information we would want as a reader at the end of a paragraph rather than the beginning
Sentence Level
- Pull out any sub-clauses
- Ask: Does your sentence make sense without them?
- Revise and place the clauses back in as needed to define the basic sentence.
Pro Tips:
- Reverse Outlining is a way to mine your free writing or zero drafting for ideas.
- Use a hard copy to enable you to more easily annotate
- If you use Scrivener as your writing software, Reverse Outlining is particularly easy as you can use the different views to look at your material
Further Resources:
Reverse Outlining: An Exercise for Taking Notes and Revising Your Work
From the PURDUE OWL
Reverse Outline: What is it and how do I use it?
From the Fred Meijer Center for Writing & Michigan Authors
GCWC Revision Strategies Featuring Reverse Outlining:
Can’t Remember What You’ve Written? Mirror Outlining as a Tool to Clarify Your Rough Draft
Can’t Distill Your Argument? 20 Minute Free Write as a Clarification Tool
Do Your Topic Sentences and Paragraphs Align? Thinking Through the Vacuum
Fractured Logic and Unconnected Claims: Argument as a Matter of Hierarchy
Is Your First Draft Disorganized? Reverse Outlining as a Method to Discover Structure.
What’s My Main Point? Reverse Outlining as a Tool to Clarify Argument
Where Are My Section Breaks? Reverse Outlining as a Tool to Find Them
Where’s This Section Going? Signposting to Connect Claims
Will My Reader Know What’s Important? Mapping and Signposting as Tools to Navigate Between Claims